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Personality disorders are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture. These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or disability. The definitions may vary somewhat, according to source. Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'', published by the American Psychiatric Association, and in the mental and behavioral disorders section of the ''International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems'', published by the World Health Organization. The DSM-5 published in 2013 now lists personality disorders in exactly the same way as other mental disorders, rather than on a separate 'axis' as previously.〔(A Guide to DSM-5: Personality Disorders ) Medscape Psychiatry, Bret S. Stetka, MD, Christoph U. Correll, May 21, 2013〕 Personality, defined psychologically, is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish human beings. Hence, personality disorders are defined by experiences and behaviors that differ from societal norms and expectations. Those diagnosed with a personality disorder may experience difficulties in cognition, emotiveness, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control. In general, personality disorders are diagnosed in 40–60 percent of psychiatric patients, making them the most frequent of all psychiatric diagnoses.〔Saß, H. (2001). "Personality Disorders," pp. 11301-11308 in Smelser, N. J. & Baltes, P. B. (eds.) ''International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences'', Amsterdam: Elsevier ISBN 978-0-08-043076-8〕 Personality disorders are characterized by an enduring collection of behavioral patterns often associated with considerable personal, social, and occupational disruption. What's more, personality disorders are inflexible and pervasive across many situations, due in large part to the fact that such behavior may be ego-syntonic (i.e. the patterns are consistent with the ego integrity of the individual) and are, therefore, perceived to be appropriate by that individual. This behavior can result in maladaptive coping skills, which may lead to personal problems that induce extreme anxiety, distress, or depression.〔Kernberg, O. (1984). Severe Personality Disorders. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300053495.〕 These patterns of behavior typically are recognized in adolescence and the beginning of adulthood and, in some unusual instances, childhood.〔 Many issues occur with classifying a personality disorder.〔Schacter, D. L.; Gilbert, D. T. and Wegner, D. M. (2011) ''Psychology'', 2nd Edition. p. 330, ISBN 1429237198.〕 There are many categories of definition, some mild and some extreme.〔 Because the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders occur within prevailing cultural expectations, their validity is contested by some experts on the basis of invariable subjectivity. They argue that the theory and diagnosis of personality disorders are based strictly on social, or even sociopolitical and economic considerations.〔Hickey, Philip. (2010-05-05) (Personality Disorders Are Not Illnesses ). Behaviorismandmentalhealth.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-16.〕〔Ancowitz, Nancy. (2010-08-06) (A Giant Step Backward for Introverts (Nancy Ancowitz) ). Psychologytoday.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-16.〕〔Bradshaw, James. (2006-11-01) (Glasser headlines psychotherapy conference ). The National Psychologist. Retrieved on 2013-04-16.〕 == Classification == The two major systems of classification, the ICD and DSM, have deliberately merged their diagnoses to some extent, but some differences remain. For example, ICD-10 does not include narcissistic personality disorder as a distinct category, while DSM-5 does not include enduring personality change after catastrophic experience or after psychiatric illness. ICD-10 classifies the DSM-5 schizotypal personality disorder as a form of schizophrenia rather than as a personality disorder. There are accepted diagnostic issues and controversies with regard to distinguishing particular personality disorder categories from each other. ICD classifies transgenderism as a personality disorder;〔WHO (2010) (ICD-10: Disorders of adult personality and behaviour )〕 while the DSM-5 declassifies transgender, per se, as a mental illness, and introduces a new and distinct classification (gender dysphoria). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Personality disorder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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